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Owing to this history, people from Sulu called Tausug or Suluk, locally, consider Sabah as being part of their homeland. Prior to British rule, Sabah was under the influence of the Brunei and Sulu sultanates (the latter centered in the Sulu Archipelago of the Philippines) in the 17th and 18th century, respectively. Sabah joined the Malaysian confederacy in 1963 the same year it gained independence from the British, who colonized Sabah or then North Borneo beginning in the 1880s. The purpose of this paper is to show that roader identities are influential in informing ethnic identity among Sabahans today. I begin this paper with a description of the overall ethnic landscape in Sabah and discuss the shifting notions of indigeneity and Sabahan identity in relation to the PTIs, a group that is heavily associated with Malay identity. However, a 'softly' (1) approach among Kadazans, different from their leaders, is apparent and this, too, is helping to establish Indigenous presence in Sabah, while mitigating Indigenes' desire to retain both forms of broader identities as Indigenous and Sabahan.
While anti-PTI and anti-Malayanization sentiments abound and can prevent a more inclusive Sabahan identity from forming, they also stop Kadazans from becoming fully subsumed under the more dominant Malay grouping. In this paper, I will discuss responses towards the changing Sabahan ethnic landscape using the case of Sabahan Kadazans, who are comprised of mixed identities mainly of Indigenous and Chinese descent. The situation of North Bornean Indigenes in this instance raises the question of whether they will seek to promote their broader identity as "Sabahan" at the expense of their indigeneity. For Indigenous groups (hereafter called "North Bornean Indigenous groups"), the matter of who can truly be called a "Sabahan" is pressing and doubly so given that indigenous identity is undermined by state laws that allow both Indigenous groups and non-Indigenous groups (auchthonous groups to the region, primarily referring to the Malays and Muslim groups from the Philippines and Indonesia) to claim rights under the "Sabah Native" and bumiputera (overall status as Natives in Malaysia) provisions. However, illegal immigrants (also called Pendatang Tanpa Izin (PT1) in the census)-now the largest grouping of any kind in Sabah-are not fully accepted as "Sabahan" by other Sabahans, although they have become part and parcel of the local-migrant Sabahan population. In the fluid ethnic landscape of Sabah, the admixture of identities and the resulting high level of cultural and religious tolerance are often cited as what epitomize Sabahan identity and being Sabahan. With more than 100 ethnic including sub-ethnic groups and a rate of intermarriage said to be four times the national average (Pue & Sulaiman 2013), a distinctive multicultural society has emerged in Sabah.
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